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Dutch Rights of EYE OF THE BEHOLDER Sold

I am excited to announce that my next book, Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing has found a Dutch publisher. The book, due out in 2014, will be published in the Netherlands by De Bezige Bij, one of the great literary houses in that country.

In addition to publishing an impressive list, the house has an impressive history:

“The company was founded illegally in 1943, during the German occupation of the Netherlands by Geert Lubberhuizen; its fist publication was a poem by Jan Campert called De Achttien Dooden (“The eighteen dead”), which describes the execution of 15 resistance fighters and three communists. The poem was sold to raise money for Jewish children who were placed with Dutch families; when it was published, in the spring of 1943, Campert had already died in the Neuengamme concentration camp. When the German occupier rounded up students for the Arbeitseinsatz, Lubberhuizen hid in the attic of Maarten Vink, a surgeon, and ran the press from there.
The name is derived from one of Lubberhuizen’s aliases, “Bas.” After he had signed a note, “Bas (busy),” an English-speaking friend joked, “Bas, busy as a bee can be,” which led to the current name.
In 1997, De Bezige Bij became part of the Weekbladpersgroep, though it was to keep its editorial independence and its cooperative structure.” (Wikipedia)

Why the Sciences and Liberal Arts Belong Together

Many of the reviewers of The Philosophical Breakfast Club have remarked upon one of the points I make in the book, that science and the rest of culture should be knitted back together, more as they were in the 19th century. In this week’s Chronicle of Higher Education there is a very interesting article that addresses this issue, arguing that liberal arts and science belong together as part of a well-rounded college education, which in this day and age can be very important in determining the future career of many individuals.

In recent times, more emphasis has been placed on young people to achieve the best education from the most prestigious schools or colleges in the country. As soon as they hit a certain age, the journey into looking for their next progression route begins, and for many, graduate schools could be on their list, especially if they want to aim higher. But this can be expensive, and finding a way to fund their education could be a make or break decision on whether they go or not. Luckily there are so many avenues that people can take, such as crowdfunding, which has become increasingly popular over the years. You can find fundraising ideas from places like – https://www.gofundme.com/c/blog/pay-graduate-school, for more information. And in some cases, most courses or degrees work better together, which could potentially work out to be more expensive, so it is important that you do your research beforehand. One thing is for certain though, as articles suggest, is that liberal arts and science working cohesively could provide you with a better college education. To understand the standpoint of students in high schools, a survey can be created and published online. Student satisfaction polls are one of the major survey categories, and survey formats like those available at https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/create-online-survey/ might come in handy for those who are researching the same.

The authors note “Science matters at a liberal-arts university because the problems facing our global community will not be solved by scientists alone.” In making this point, they agree with my claim that there needs to be better communication of scientific discovery to the general public.

Discussing a symposium on the issue held at Boston College’s Institute for the Liberal Arts, the authors tell us that “A common theme throughout the symposium was the need for more scientists to better communicate the importance of ‘big science’ and the implications of its findings to the public….In our environmentally and economically challenged, highly technological world, it is crucial that we improve our ability to understand and critically evaluate scientific evidence and arguments. One way to do so is through partnerships between faculty in the natural sciences and faculty from disciplines like journalism, economics, sociology, political science and philosophy. Together they can develop ways to communicate knowledge about technology and the sciences in an accessible and compelling manner, and to explain the broader relevance of scientific discovery to society.”

The piece can be read here.

Philosophical Breakfasts as Business Strategy

It was fun to see this blog post from Business Management Daily suggesting that business leaders could learn from the lessons of The Philosophical Breakfast Club!

Maybe it’s time for a breakfast club

by EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP on NOVEMBER 3, 2011 5:00PM
in LEADERS & MANAGERS,LEADERSHIP SKILLS

Four British men together led the scientific world in the early 1800s through a simple device: by meeting every Sunday morning over breakfast to talk about science.

The men aimed to launch a new scientific revolution—and they pretty much did.

Charles Babbage invented the modern computer, John Herschel mapped the skies of the Southern Hemisphere and helped invent photography, Richard Jones influenced economics and William Whewell, besides coining the term “scientist,” founded three fields, including the study of tides.

Whewell, in fact, was inventive not only in science itself but in naming discoveries. To list a few, he suggested “Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene” as names of historical epochs, and coined the terms “ion, cathode and anode” in electronics.

Lesson: Bring together your peers to brainstorm on a regular basis.

— Adapted from The Philosophical Breakfast Club, Laura Snyder, Broadway Books.

See the post online here.

Building Babbage’s Analytical Engine

I’ve written here before about the effort to build an Analytical Engine from the plans left by Charles Babbage; now the story’s made The New York Times. I was pleased to see the important role of Ada Lovelace acknowledged in the piece. Read it here.

Next Book Signed by W.W. Norton & Co.

I am extremely pleased to announce that my next book, due out in 2014, has been signed by W.W. Norton and Co. I will be working with Norton’s Editor in Chief, John Glusman, who has edited the books of many wonderful writers, including Erik Larsen, Orhan Pamuk, and Richard Powers.

My book, Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing, will use the intertwined biographies of the artist and the scientist to tell the story of the seismic shift in the idea of what it meant to see the world that occurred in the 17th century, a shift that these men (who were born a week apart in the same small city in the Dutch Republic) helped bring about.

I am excited about having the opportunity to explore further the theme of the relation between science and the rest of culture, a topic with which I ended The Philosophical Breakfast Club.

Happy Ada Lovelace Day!

Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852) was the only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron. In 1812, Byron—by then known as “mad, bad, and dangerous to know”—met Anne Isabella (“Annabella”) Millbanke. Annabella had been raised unconventionally for the time, being trained in mathematics by the former Cambridge tutor William Frend. Calling her his “Princess of Parallelograms,” Byron courted Annabella, who finally agreed to marry him in January 1815. By the time their child (always known as “Ada”) was born in December, the marriage had broken down, and Byron left England, never to return.

Ada’s mother insisted that her daughter study mathematics, as she had done; Annabella thought it would be protection against the wild, impulsive nature inherited from Byron. From the age of four, Ada studied from dawn until dusk; if she refused to do her lessons, Ada was placed in a closet.

When she was about seventeen, Ada met the famous mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage, and was immediately enamored of his calculating machine, the Difference Engine, which he was then displaying at Saturday evening soirees held in Babbage’s house in Dorset Street. An acquaintance later recalled that

“While other visitors gazed at the working of this beautiful instrument with the sort of expression, and I dare say the sort of feeling, that some savages are said to have shown on first seeing a looking-glass or seeing a gun—if, indeed, they had as strong an idea of its marvellousness—Miss Byron, young as she was, understood its working, and saw the great beauty of the invention.”

In July 1835, Ada married William, Lord King, who was elevated to the Earl of Lovelace at Queen Victoria’s coronation in 1838 (at which point Ada became known as the Countess of Lovelace). In 1839, Lovelace desired to return to her mathematical studies; she approached Babbage and asked him to suggest a tutor for her, perhaps hoping that he would take on the job himself (he would not). Soon, Lovelace was studying with the mathematician Augustus De Morgan. Today De Morgan is know as one of the founders of symbolic logic, and the one who formalized rules known as “De Morgan’s Laws” which are widely used in computer programming: negating an AND results in an OR and vice versa [that is, not (A and B) = (not A) or (not B) and not (A or B) = (not A) and (not B)].

After Lovelace had resumed her mathematical studies, she decided to help her old friend Babbage publicize his newest invention, the Analytical Engine—the first prototype of a fully general computer. In 1842, she finally realized how to do that; the Italian engineer Luigi Menabrea had published an article about Babbage’s computer in a Swiss scientific journal. It was suggested to Lovelace by Charles Wheatstone (inventor of the electric telegraph, among other devices) that she translate the article for publication in an English journal. When Babbage saw the translation, he suggested she add her own notes explaining and describing the Analytical Engine.

Over the next months, Babbage and Lovelace corresponded frequently and Babbage was often a guest at the Lovelace’s country estate. In her letters, Lovelace is at times coquettish, at other demanding, at some points lecturing the machine’s inventor about its properties and abilities. Babbage for the most part acquiesces in this treatment from his young friend, calling her “my dear and much admired Interpretress.” She refers to herself as Babbage’s “Fairy for ever.”

Lovelace added seven “Translator’s Notes,” which together ran three times the length of Menabrea’s paper. She accomplished what Babbage himself never did: introducing English readers to the workings and importance of the Analytical Engine. She also suggested to Babbage that he write a method for calculating the Bernoulli numbers with the engine—the first of what we would today call a computer program.

More importantly, Lovelace recognized that the machine was capable to manipulating symbols of all kinds, not only numbers. This recognition can be said to mark the shift from understanding computing machines as calculators to seeing them as truly modern computers. Lovelace wrote, “The engine can arrange and combine its numerical quantities exactly as if they were letters or any other general symbols.”

Babbage never publicly expressed the workings of his Analytical Engine in that way. It was Lovelace’s vision of a computer, rather than Babbage’s, that was formalized by Alan Turing in the 1930s: the notion of a computer as a general-purpose symbol manipulator rather than a number cruncher.

Sadly, neither Lovelace nor Babbage ever saw the building of the Analytical Engine. A group is now trying to raise the money to build the machine from Babbage’s plans. For more information, see here.

Darwin’s Voyage on the HMS Beagle Ends, October 2, 1836

One hundred seventy-five years ago today, on October 2, 1836, the H.M.S. Beagle ended its nearly five-year voyage and returned to England. During the trip, Charles Darwin collected natural history specimens and studied geological formations, all the while writing down his observations, and some theoretical speculations, in a series of notebooks. These speculations, and the evidence he gathered, nourished the first roots of what would grow into, more than twenty years later, Darwin’s Origin of Species.

Darwin’s life and work intersected with the members of the philosophical breakfast club both before, during, and immediately after his voyage. Before he was chosen as the ship’s naturalist, he was a student at Cambridge, where he attended John Henslow’s botany lectures, often in the company of William Whewell, a fellow of Trinity College; Whewell was probably the one who recommended that Darwin read John Herschel’s book about scientific method, the Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy. This book was credited by Darwin with spurring him to devote his life to science. “It made me wish to try to add my mite to the accumulated store of knowledge,” Darwin would later say of Herschel’s book.

While on board the Beagle, Darwin was able to meet Herschel in person; Herschel was at the Cape of Good Hope studying the stars of the Southern Hemisphere when the ship docked at the port of the Cape on its way back to England from the Galapagos Islands. Darwin enthused in his diary afterwards that becoming acquainted with Herschel “was the most memorable event which, for a long period, I have had the good fortune to enjoy.”

Once back in England, it was not long before Darwin met Charles Babbage. While giving a talk at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in February, Darwin wrote to his sister that the geologist Charles Lyell was insisting that he cut his visit to Cambridge short and return to London. He “wants me to be up on Saturday for a party at Mr. Babbage,” Darwin half-heartedly complained. “Lyell says Babbage’s parties are the best in the way of literary people in London–and that there is a good mixture of pretty women!” (Darwin was then a bachelor, so this was a particularly enticing prospect.) It was at this party, at the beginning of March, that Darwin would have first seen the demonstration model of Babbage’s Difference Engine, the first all-purpose calculating machine. During this period, Babbage was demonstrating his machine at his soirees to make the point that God was something like a “Divine Programmer” who had pre-set his creation with all the future alterations necessary to bring about the origin of new species. God did not need to constantly tinker in the world, personally creating new species. Babbage’s argument dovetailed nicely with the speculations Darwin had begun while on the Beagle. It was within two weeks of this soiree that Darwin made his first comment (in one of his notebooks) suggesting that evolution of species was a real possibility.

Babbage's Difference Engine no. 2 (Built in 20th c.)

More on Writing Popular History of Science

Readers of The Philosophical Breakfast Club and this blog know that I think it is crucial for historians of science, and scientists themselves, write works about science that are accessible to a general public. This is one important way that we can help to increase science literacy–especially in the US, where the educational system seems not to be doing a very good job of it.

There is an interesting interview on this topic with University of Bologna professor Paola Govoni, who studies the history of science popularization. It was especially nice to see my book mentioned by Professor Govoni as an example of how popular science books could be written:

“Just think of The Philosophical Breakfast Club by Laura J. Snyder. Indeed a very fun book, a great example of how to be able to write about your own, specialized academic research for a wide audience.”

Prof. Govoni has many things to say of interest to those interested in the topic of science popularization, so it is worth reading the entire interview, which can be found here.

An Influential Book

This summer, the Librarian at St. John’s University asked several faculty members to submit a paragraph about books that have been very influential in their lives. My thoughts have just been published on the St. John’s Library blog.

Here’s what I had to say:

One book I find myself returning to is George Eliot’s masterful Middlemarch. Written in 1871-2, this epic novel charts the years leading up to the passage of the First Reform Bill in 1832, which initiated sweeping changes in the political and social structure of Britain. Like all great literature, Middlemarch is a book to return to again and again. In different periods of my life I have been struck by different facets of this book. As a high school student, hoping to become a writer, I was amazed by the quality of the writing, the way that Eliot drew the reader into the age she depicted so vividly. In graduate school, while beginning to work on Victorian era philosophy of science, I took note of the way in which science, and the new knowledge burgeoning in the time, is both revered and feared by the characters. And most recently, when I reread the book after suffering the loss of a close family member, I was most drawn to another theme of the book: human relationships, and the way that passion can lead either to perdition or salvation.

Women and Computers

A nice piece in The Washington Post discusses the role of women in the early days of modern computer programming. Women programmers were especially prominent in the 1960s and early 1970s, prompting a discussion of these “Computer Girls” in Cosmopolitan magazine in 1967. (“It’s just like planning dinner. You have to plan ahead and schedule everything so it’s ready when you need it,” explained Admiral Grace Hopper [!] to the magazine’s mostly female readership.)

According to the piece, in the late 1970s the percentage of women studying computer science was 25%; about the same figure that is being lauded these days as a great improvement in the more dismal numbers in the 90s and 00s. The author goes on to discuss some of the reasons for these figures. If you are a woman who is into computer science then you may have a computer or laptop to help you with your studies. It is always important to keep your computer in good condition to complete your studies, if you would like to consider some services with regards to computers then you may want to consider Steve’s computer repair service, this repair service can help you if you have any repairs but you may want to check out the figures first.

What’s especially odd (and not discussed in the article) is that one of the pioneers in computer programming, in the 19th century, was Ada Lovelace. The only legitimate child of the poet Byron, Lovelace was a gifted mathematician (though perhaps overly-impressed with her talents) who collaborated with Charles Babbage in publicizing his Analytical Engine, the first prototype of a general purpose computing machine. Lovelace published the only description in English of Babbage’s invention. She also seemed to understand clearly the value of the machine as a truly general symbol manipulator. Lovelace explained that

“Many persons…imagine that because the business of the Engine is to give its results in numerical notation, the nature of its processes must consequently be arithmetical and numerical, rather than algebraic and analytical. This is an error. The engine can arrange and combine its numerical quantities exactly as if they were letters or any other general symbols….”

Lovelace even speculated that the Analytical Engine could be made to compose music. This was precisely the image of a computer that would be formalized by Alan Turing in the 1930s: the notion of a computer as a general purpose symbol manipulator rather than a number cruncher. As technology and computers have advanced immensely over the years, people have always been wanting the new update. Luckily, with professionals like exit technologies it has never been easier for consumers to sell their computer parts (such as processors).

Lovelace and Babbage also wrote the first “computer program,” a method for making the Analytical Engine calculate the Bernoulli numbers. Contemporary programs require extensive testing before most developers are happy to release them to the public; Parasoft testing services can assist those looking to do this.

The history of women and computing goes back even further than Ada Lovelace, however. The word “computer” was originally assigned to the people who would do the multiple, rote calculations required for mathematical tables (of logarithms, actuarial statistics, etc.) in the days before machines took over that task. Many of these computers were women, often schoolteachers, who would do the calculations at home for extra money.

Many people forget that this is what women used to do, as the business world used to focus more on the achievements of men. Women have obviously played a larger role than thought by most people in the field of computing. Admittedly the computer world is completely different to how it used to be. You can see examples of that at websites similar to www.hostiserver.com. Where they provide technical server solutions. Obviously, people use actual computers to help them when it comes to making actual calculations. The computing industry has changed massively, for example, people have started using industrial computers to help them in the workplace. If this is something that interests you then you may like to visit http://www.cksglobal.net/. Luckily men and women are more closely balanced in the modern world, but there is still room for improvement.

A prediction on LOVEBUG.JP is that “the number of young people who want to learn programming deeply at university will increase in the future”, which is probably very accurate. Wouldn’t it be great if more of those young people were women? If the computer industry could figure out how to interest and retain young women in the computing field, not only would they gain the brainpower of many more computer scientists, but they would be honoring the legacy of the early computers, and one of the early visionaries of computing machines.